The Price of Really Clean Water: Combining Nanofiltration with Granular Activated Carbon and Anion Exchange Resins for the Removal of Per- And Polyfluoralkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water Production
نویسندگان
چکیده
The removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) presents a challenge for drinking water providers. Guidelines PFAS concentrations in final are regularly updated to ever-decreasing values, conventional treatment plants not designed remove PFASs. Currently, the most frequently used technique, adsorption granular activated carbon (GAC), is often considered challenging. High-pressure membranes, such as nanofiltration (NF), have been shown PFASs efficiently. However, creation waste stream comprised at least 10% feedwater volume recognized major drawback this technique. In study, NF pilot plant was operated city Uppsala, Sweden, six months. removed up >98% fulfilled other quality targets, uranium-238, dissolved organic (DOC), mineral hardness from raw water. concentrate treated with two different GAC materials anion exchange (AIX) resins column tests, where superior performance AIX over observed terms removal. curves were found superimpose each types if normalized specific throughput DOC. application freely available PHREEQC model revealed improvement possibilities resin properties. A cost analysis using test results compared filtration combination materials. Treatment costs be largely dependent on goals discharge requirements, which highlight economic consequences prevailing guidelines environment. study provide both scientific community well providers important insights into during that mechanistic aspects management resulting concentrate.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: ACS ES&T water
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2690-0637']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00141